Group+5+page

__﻿﻿Group 5 __ **-** Andy, Ethan, Ashley, Whitney 

**Plant 1: Garlic Musterd //(Alliaria petiolata)//**

**__Plant Identity:__**
 * ** Group: ** Dicot Herbs


 * **Scientific Name and Family:** //Alliaria petiolata,// Mustard Family//(Brassicaceae)//


 * **Common Name(s)**: Garlic Mustard, Garlic Root, Poor Man's Mustard, Jack-in-the-bush.

__**Habitat and Location:**__This garlic mustard was found growing under a shady area, full of leaf litter from surrounding cedars, in moist soil, near the creek of silver creek park. Garlic mustard is native to Europe, western and central Asia, and north-western Africa. It can commonly be found growing under areas of hedge growth, and is extremely invaisive, posing a serious threat to woodland flora of Wisconsin.



**__Description of Plant__** **Appearance:** Garlic mustard Has tiny round/heart shaped leaves,the green leaves of this plant can be found growing along close to the ground, the following spring they will flower throughout summer in white clusters of tiny flowers.

__**Interesting Facts:**__ **1)** Leaves, Flowers, and Fruits of this plant are edible **2)** This plant was once used for medicinal purpose <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**3)** It was introduced to North America in the 1860's <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**4)** AL**,** MA, OR, CT, MN, NH, VT, WA, WV all hate this plant so much that they have classified it restricted within these states.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">__**References:**__ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">[]

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">**Plant 2: liverwort //(Marchantia polymorpha)//**


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**Group:** Dicot Herbs


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**Scientific Name and Family:**//Marchantia polymorpha,// (Marchantiacea)


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**Common Name(s):** Liverwort


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**Habitat and Location:** This liverwort was found growing in a cool, moist, and shaded area close to the water of Silver Creek Park's creek. Liverwort can grow world wide, from tropical habitats, to habitats in the Arctic regions.Liverwort needs pretty moist soil or rock-caps, so generally very damp habitats are favourable for liverwort.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**﻿****﻿**__**Description of Plant:**__ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**Appearance:** Liverwort grows in wide mats close to the ground, it has thin leaf like stuctures(thalli) on the upper surface, the underside consist of root like hairs(rhizoids) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">which hold the liverwort to the surface it is on, as well as feeding the plant nutrients.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">__**Interesting facts:**__ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**1)** Liverwort was believed to hold medicinal properties <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**2)** Liverwort is the descendent of the earliest terrestrial plants on Earth <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**3)** Liverwort can be used as a Horticultural weed <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**4)** Liverwort feels like the skin of a toad

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">__**References:**__ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">[]

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; vertical-align: sub;">**Plant 3: Trillium //(Trillium grandiflorum)//**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: sub;">**__Plant Identity:__**


 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: sub;">**Group:** Monocot Herbs


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; vertical-align: sub;">**Scientific Name and Family:** //Trillium grandiflorum.// Lily family (Liliaceae)


 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left; vertical-align: sub;">**Common name(s):** larger-flower trillium, snow trillium, white trillium, white wake-roben, birthroot.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;"> __**Habitat and Location**:__ // Trillium grandiflorum // likes to grow in shady, moderately moist soil. It prefers woods, forests; neutral to slightly acidic soils; soil pH is normally (6.5-7). Trillium, can usually be found near the base of a tree, because decomposing leaves provide nutrients for it to grow in. It can be found as a single plant or clumps of multiple plants. It does require a cold winter in order to complete its life-cycle; this is why it can found only in some areas throughout the United States. <span style="color: #262626; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: sub;">Our group found this particular //Trillium grandiflorum,// at Silver Creek Park. Our group spotted it when we were walking from the biggest parking lot, down a paved path towards hole-10. If your walking South-east, It's located before the bridge, to the right of the path near the base of a Cedar tree.

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt; vertical-align: sub;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt; vertical-align: sub;">**__Description of Plant:__** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 3.75pt; vertical-align: sub;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">** 1. Appearance: ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 115%;">A developing Trillium Herb has three distinctively small darkish green leaves that are twisted around a solitary flower bud. As it matures the leaves unwind and expose a white or sometimes pinkish flower. Five known species live in Wisconsin and it usually blooms in late spring to early summer.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">** 2. Flowering and Reproduction: **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;"> // Trillium grandiflorum // has a very long reproductive cycle. white Trillium will remain dormant throughout fall and winter. In the spring the seed germinates and develops primary roots. the seed will not become photosynthetic until the third growing season. The third growing season is also when the three dark green leaves and the flowering bud begin to grow. Reproductive Trillium tends to be bigger than non-reproductive plants. When its big enough Trillium's flowering season will run between, April to June. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Trillium's seeds are spread by ants. When the plant is fully mature the insides become spongy. Trillium contains an organ that contains the seeds, and releases a chemical that attracts ants. When the ants extract the organ and take it back to their nest, they throw the seeds into their trash and the seeds are able to grow in a nutrient rich environment.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">** __Interesting Facts:__ ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; margin: auto 0in; vertical-align: sub;">1. The name “trillium” comes from the Latin word for three “tres” and lilium for lily. Trillium was named "Tres" because of the fact that it has 3 leaves, 3 pettels, and 3 sepals. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; margin: auto 0in; vertical-align: sub;">2. **(pickers beware)** Because of Trilliums long reproductive cycle, the saying goes "if you pick Trillium it will take 7 years to grow back." <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. Trillium grandiflorum is the largest of the 30 known species of Trillium, it can grow up to 15 inches. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">4. Native Americans would use the roots of the Trillium plant for medical purposes, and would also cook and eat the leaves. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">5. White-tail deer feast on the trillium, this is one of the reasons why it is endangered in some areas.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">** __References__ ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: sub;">1 [] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: sub;">2 []

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**Plant 4: Interrupted Fern (// Osmunda claytonian​a) //**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**__Plant Identity__:**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**Group:** Seedless Plants


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**Scientific name and Family:** //Osmunda claytoniana//, Royal Fern Family (Osmundaceae)


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**Common Name:** Interrupted Fern

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**__Habitat and Location__:** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">This plant was found in Silver Creek park. They like acidic soils, though they can grow in neutral. Soil can be from wet to dry, and they use a lot of water. Prefer shade.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**__Description of Plant__:** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">When full grown, there is an "interruption", hence the name, where there is a dark patch (fertile fronds) in the middle of the sterile fronds that contain spores. When growing, the sterile fronds are curled up in a protective way as a survival technique. When they are in this state, they are called "fiddleheads".

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**__Interesting Facts:__** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. This species is threatened in Arkansas, and in New York, they are vulnerable. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. These fiddleheads are not edible for a few reasons: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">(a)They have a bitter taste. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">(b)They may cause diarrhea. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">3.The roots of all Royal ferns help establish other plants such as orchids.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**__References:__** <span style="color: #0066ff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. [] <span style="color: #0066ff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. __http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=O__﻿__SCL2__ <span style="color: #0066ff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">3. [] <span style="color: #0066ff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">4.http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/ferns/osmundaclay.html

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=<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**Plant 5:** Trout lily (//Eythronium americanum//) =

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: sub;">**__Plant Identity:__**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">__**Common Names:**__

 * ====<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Trout lily__ - refers to the mottled leaves resembling Brook trout ====
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Adder's tongue__- refers to the similarity in shape of the unopened leaves to a snakes tongue
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">__Dogtooth violet__- refers to the white tooth-like shape of its corm

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">__**Habitat and Location:**__ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Trout lily thrives best in moist fertile woods and meadows. This particular plant was found growing in silver creek park at the base of a tree, with surrounding debris maintaining a moist environment. The trout lily is native to Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">__**Description of Plant:**__ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Trout lilies grow low to the ground (4-10 inches), form colonies and are perennial. The young lilies have only one leaf and do not flower until the plants corm has reached a certain depth (10-20 centimeters below ground). This is to ensure the plants stability before it will invest any additional energy into making new plant parts. The adult trout lilies have two leaves and one flower. The leaves are fleshy green, with purple mottling. The single, 5-petal, yellow flower sits atop a single stem and the flower itself droops down towards the ground while the petals curl upwards. The center of the trout lily flower has a green stigma, surrounded by 5 or 6 orange to brown filaments containing pollen for reproduction.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**__Interesting Facts:__**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">The leaves and corms can be boiled and eaten in moderation (too much can cause vomiting).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">This is a plant that relies more on the spreading abilities of its underground root system (corms) than on seed production from its flowers.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">It takes a few years for a plant to be mature enough to produce a flower and seeds.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Trout lilies have a symbiotic relationship with ants, who eat a nutritious appendage attached to each seed and leave the rest to germinate. This speeds up the germination process.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**__Resources:__**
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">__[]__
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<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 150%;">**__Fungi__: //(Daedaleopsis confragosa)//**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">__**Fungi Identity**__**:**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;"> __**Scientific Name and Family**__: //Daedaleopsis confragosa (//Polyporaceae)
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">__**Phylum**__: Basidiomycota

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">__**Common names**__: Thin-maze flat polypore.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">__**Habitat and Location:**__ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">Daedaleopsis confragosa can be found by itself or in groups. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">They usually grow on the wood of decaying deciduous trees, <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">This fungi can be found year-round. We found this fungi at <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">silver creek by hole-13 on a hard wood tree. partial to birch, <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">willow, and many other hardwood's, but only rarely on oak.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">__**Description of fungi:**__ A shelf fungi with a fruiting body <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">that consists of a white top with brown lines. Its undercarriage <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">is brown and has a maze-like pore surface with gill-like areas.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**__Interesting Facts:__** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">1. Edibility: Inedible. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">2. //Daedaleopsis// means "having the <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">appearance of Daedalea"; //confragosa// means rough, rugged <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">and refers to the coarsely wrinkled and bumpy upper surface. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">3. Spore print: White

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">**Medicinal properties**: <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">"The compound 20(29)-lupen-3-one, purified from dried <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">fruit bodies of //D.// //confragosa// (as //D. tricolor//), showed <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">antifungal activities against //Saccharomyces cerevisiae// <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">and //Microsporum gypseum//, and antibacterial activities <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">against //Escherichia coli//, //Proteus vulgaris//, //Pseudomonas// <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">//pyocyanea//, //Bacillus subtilis//, and //Staphylococcus aureus//. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">Also, this compound inhibited lipid-peroxidation <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">by 6.4% at the concentration of 0.706 µM, showing an <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">inhibitory effect similar to the well-known <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">antioxidantα-tocopherol" ([|Kim //et al//., 2001])

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">**__Resources:__** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">1. http://www.messiah.edu/Oakes/fungi_on_wood/ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">poroid%20fungi/species%20pages/Daedaleopsis%20confragosa.htm <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">2. Kuo, M. (2005, March). //Daedaleopsis confragosa.// Retrieved from the //MushroomExpert.Com// Web site: http://www.mushroomexpert.com/daedaleopsis_confragosa.html